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Kunstgriff 6

Man macht eine versteckte petitio principii, indem man das, was man zu beweisen hätte, postuliert, entweder 1. unter einem andern Namen, z. B. statt Ehre guter Name, statt Jungfrauschaft Tugend usw., auch Wechselbegriffe: – rotblütige Tiere, statt Wirbeltiere, 2. oder was im Einzelnen streitig ist, im Allgemeinen sich geben läßt, z. B. die Unsicherheit der Medizin behauptet, die Unsicherheit alles menschlichen Wissens postuliert: 3. Wenn vice versa zwei auseinander folgen, das eine zu beweisen ist; man postuliert das andre: 4. Wenn das Allgemeine zu beweisen und man jedes einzelne sich zugeben läßt. (Das umgekehrte von Nr. 2.) (Aristoteles, Topik, VIII, 11.)

Über die Übung zur Dialektik enthält gute Regeln das letzte Kapitel der Topica des Aristoteles.

 

Stratagem VI

Another plan is to beg the question in disguise by postulating what has to be proved, either (1) under another name; for instance, "good repute" instead of "honour"; "virtue" instead of "virginity," etc.; or by using such convertible terms as "red-blooded animals" and "vertebrates"; or (2) by making a general assumption covering the particular point in dispute: for instance, maintaining the uncertainty of medicine by postulating the uncertainty of all human knowledge. (3) If, vice versâ two things follow one from the other, and one is to be proved, you may postulate the other. (4) If a general proposition is to be proved, you may get your opponent to admit every one of the particulars. This is the converse of the second.12


12.) Idem, chap. 11. The last chapter of this work contains some good rules for the practice of Dialectics.


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